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Cladonia stellaris
''Cladonia stellaris'' is an ecologically important species of lichen that forms continuous mats over large areas of the ground in boreal and arctic regions around the circumpolar north. The species is a preferred food source of reindeer and caribou during the winter months,〔Cichowski, D.B. (1989). Seasonal movements, habitat use, and winter feeding ecology of woodland caribou in west-central British Columbia. MSc. thesis. Univ. B.C., Vancouver, B.C. 143 p.〕 and it has an important role in regulating nutrient cycling and soil microbiological communities. Like many other lichens, ''Cladonia stellaris'' is used by humans directly for its chemical properties, as many of the secondary metabolites are antimicrobial (e.g., Usnic acid), but it also has the unique distinction of being harvested and sold as 'fake trees' for model train displays.〔Purvis, O.W. (2000). Lichens. Natural History Museum, London, U.K.〕
''Cladonia stellaris'' is described as mat-forming and fruticose (shrub-like) in appearance, and as terrestrial, terricolous, or epigeic, because it grows on the surface of bare soil or gravel. Like most other lichens, ''Cladonia stellaris'' grows slowly, averaging less than 0.5 cm per year under good conditions.〔Thomson, J.W. (1967). The lichen genus ''Cladonia'' in North America. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada.〕
This species differs from the similar ''Cladonia rangiferina'' and ''Cladonia arbuscula'' in that it forms much more distinct cushion-shaped patches, and appears to have denser branching when viewed from above.〔Brodo, I. M., S. D. Sharnoff, and S. Sharnoff (2001). Lichens of North America. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, U.S.A.〕
==See also==
*List of ''Cladonia'' species
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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